Oracle - Merge

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Overview

This Snap executes a SQL Merge with given properties. The documents that are provided in the input view will be merged into the provided table on the provided database. Each document on the input view is expected to be merged or created with/as a new record in the table. Learn more about SQL Merges: Oracle Merge.

Upcoming

JDBC Driver Upgrade

The Oracle JDBC Driver is upgraded from OJDBC6 JAR (v11.2.0.4) to OJDBC10 JAR (v19.20.0.0) in the latest distribution in October 2023 and deployed to the stable distribution in the November 2023 release (after the Snaplex upgrade). The latest JDBC driver upgrade is backward-compatible. Learn more: Oracle JDBC Driver Upgrade from v11.2.0.4 to v19.20.0.0 and JOOQ Upgrade from v3.9.1 to 3.17.x.

You can consume this driver upgrade with the 434patches23000 Snap Pack version.

Behavior Change

This JDBC driver upgrade has resulted in specific behavior changes that include errors, status codes, and success and failure messages. Learn more about the behavior changes to ensure your migration to the upgraded driver is seamless. 


Snap type:

Write


Snap Input/Output:

  • Expected upstream Snaps: The columns of the selected table need to be mapped upstream using a Mapper Snap. The Mapper Snap will provide the target schema, which reflects the schema of the table that is selected for the Merge Snap.
  • Expected downstream Snaps: The Snap will output one document for every record merged, hence any document processing Snap can be used downstream.
  • Expected input: Document that conforms to the input view schema of the Snap. The input view schema is provided to an upstream Mapper Snap based on the selected service object.
  • Expected output: Document which represents the status of the merge operation for that document. Each merge operation is represented as one document in the output view.
Merges will be batched up until the account's batch size property or until the structure of the update statement changes. An update statement will change if an incoming document contains different keys than a previous document.


The merge condition can only use variables, no constants or pipeline parameters.

A good example for a merge condition is SALARY = $SALARY (here we use the SALARY variable of the input document).

A bad example for a merge condition is SALARY = '100000' (this will not work since we validate the provided columns in the condition against the types defined in the table schema). You do not want to use the expression toggle on the merge condition, there is support for it but it requires undocumented functions. The bad example can be rewritten by using an upstream Mapper Snap, where '10000' is mapped to the SALARY variable, which then can be used in the merge condition as defined in a good example. The same applies for pipeline parameters, which need to be mapped upstream similarly using a Mapper Snap. 


Prerequisites:

[None]


Support and limitations:

Works in Ultra Task Pipelines.


Account: 

This Snap uses account references created on the Accounts page of SnapLogic Manager to handle access to this endpoint.  See Oracle Account for information on setting up this type of account.


Views:
InputThis Snap has exactly one document input view.
OutputThis Snap has at most one output view. If an output view is available, then the original document that was used to create the statement will be output with the status of the merge executed.
Error

This Snap has at most one document error view and produces zero or more documents in the view.

Settings

Label


Required. The name for the Snap. You can modify this to be more specific, especially if you have more than one of the same Snap in your pipeline.

Schema name



The database schema name. In case it is not defined, then the suggestion for the Table Name will retrieve all tables names of all schemas. The property is suggestible and will retrieve available database schemas during suggest values.

The values can be passed using the pipeline parameters but not the upstream parameter.

ExampleSYS
Default value:  [None]


Table name

Required. Name of table to execute insert on

The values can be passed using the pipeline parameters but not the upstream parameter.


Examplepeople

Default value:  [None]


Number of retries

Specifies the maximum number of attempts to be made to receive a response. The request is terminated if the attempts do not result in a response.

Example: 3

Default value: 0

When you enable retry and a connection failure occurs that cannot be recovered by retry, the Snap writes a connection failure error in the error view. In some cases, the error view records might contain duplicate data that was written to the database. Ensure to verify all the records in the error file before you restart the merge request. You can locate the duplicate records in the error view by checking the $reason property for the sub-string: Connection is not available, request timed out.

Retry interval (seconds)

Specifies the time interval between two successive retry requests. A retry happens only when the previous attempt resulted in an exception. 

Example:  10

Default value: 1

When you enable retry and a connection failure occurs that cannot be recovered by retry, the Snap writes a connection failure error in the error view. In some cases, the error view records might contain duplicate data that was written to the database. Ensure to verify all the records in the error file before you restart the merge request. You can locate the duplicate records in the error view by checking the $reason property for the sub-string: Connection is not available, request timed out.

Merge condition

Required. The ON condition of the merge statement.  A boolean-type expression is expected. For an explanation of merge syntax, see Oracle Merge.

Default value:  [None]

Session parameters

Use this fieldset to set the National Language Support (NLS) parameters. Learn more about Setting NLS Parameters.

The NLS parameters override the default value, for example, comma (,) set for the session in the initialization parameter file or set by the client with environment variables, such as a decimal point.

Session parameter name

Specify the name of the NLS parameter.

Default value: None.
Example: NLS_TERRITORY

Session parameter value

Specify the value for the NLS parameter.

Default value: None.

ExampleCZECH REPUBLIC

Snap execution

Select one of the three modes in which the Snap executes. Available options are:

  • Validate & Execute: Performs limited execution of the Snap, and generates a data preview during Pipeline validation. Subsequently, performs full execution of the Snap (unlimited records) during Pipeline runtime.
  • Execute only: Performs full execution of the Snap during Pipeline execution without generating preview data.
  • Disabled: Disables the Snap and all Snaps that are downstream from it.


Examples


Following are two examples. The first one using a conditional update of one of the values which gets then merged into the data using a Oracle Merge Snap. The second one will showcase error handling.


 1. Using a conditional update

In the first example, we will drop a table, insert data into a newly created table, update one of records and then merge that update result into the same table. 

  • The first Oracle Execute Snap will drop the existing table. We use an error view to handle the case where the table does not exist yet. Both the error and the output view then are funneled into a Union Snap which triggers the actual insertion data provided by a JSON Generator Snap.

  • Then we use a Mapper Snap to map back the original input data and use a Conditional Snap to update the value of the color black with #0000.

  • Next, we merge the updated value back into the table using the Oracle Merge Snap. There we define the merge condition as "color"=$color. 

    • Hint: The table COLOR1 was created on the fly, and the color column is created lowercase. We quote the color column in the merge condition since it is defined as a lower case column on the table.  

    • Hint: Multiple columns can be used in an expression such as "color"=$color and "value"=$value

  • Finally, we execute a select to verify the color black was updated was updated.

 2. Error handling

In the second example, we use an error view on the Oracle Merge Snap.

 
Here we miss-typed the variable in the condition, which will trigger an error. The error will be written to the error view of the Snap, which then can be used for debugging purpose or further processing.
An example of the error view is shown below.
 

  • Error is the message provided by SnapLogic.
  • Reason is defined as the message provided by the Oracle Database, which includes the database error code.
  • Original is defined as the data from the input view.


error: "SQL operation failed"
reason: "ORA-38104: Columns referenced in the ON Clause cannot be updated: "color"\n, error code: 38104, SQL state: 99999"
original:  {color:red, value:#f00}
   color: "red"
   value: "#f00"
resolution: "Please check for valid Snap properties and input data."
stacktrace: "com.Snaplogic.Snap.api.SnapDataException: SQL operation failed\n at com.Snaplogic.Snap.api.sql.DatabaseUtils.handleUpdateResult(DatabaseUtils.java:449)\n at com.  
 

Snap Pack History


 Click to view/expand
Release Snap Pack VersionDateType  Updates
February 2024

main25112

 StableUpdated and certified against the current SnapLogic Platform release.
November 2023435patches24769 Latest

Fixed an issue with the Oracle Snap Pack that required the i18n extensions to be present when the Oracle database instance was in a specific language.

November 2023435patches24445 Latest
November 2023435patches23823 Latest
  • Fixed an issue with the Oracle-Stored Procedure Snap that displayed an error (SnapDataException) when custom JAR files were used in the Oracle Accounts.

  • Fixed an issue with the Oracle-Stored Procedure Snap that displayed an error when custom JAR files were used for BLOB and CLOB datatypes in the Oracle Accounts.

November 2023main23721

 

StableUpdated and certified against the current SnapLogic Platform release.
August 2023434patches23000 Latest

The JDBC driver for the Oracle Snap Pack is upgraded from OJDBC6 JAR (v11.2.0.4) to OJDBC10 JAR (v19.20.0.0) in the latest distribution in October 2023 and will be deployed to the stable distribution in the November 2023 release (after the Snaplex upgrade). This upgrade changes specific error codes and status messages. The latest JDBC driver upgrade is backward-compatible. Learn more: Upgrading from Oracle JDBC 11.2.0.4 Driver to 19.20.0.0 Driver.

August 2023434patches22787 Latest

Fixed an issue with the Oracle-Bulk Load Snap that was not resilient to the errors previously when trying to auto-discover the existing SQLLDR utility paths in the node. The Snap is now robust to those errors.

August 2023

main22460

 


Stable

The Oracle - Execute Snap now includes a new Query type field. When Auto is selected, the Snap tries to determine the query type automatically.

May 2023

main21015 

Stable

Upgraded with the latest SnapLogic Platform release.

February 2023main19844 StableUpgraded with the latest SnapLogic Platform release.

November 2022

431patches19781 Latest

The Oracle-Stored Procedure Snap works as expected and does not fail with the error Invalid value type when you pass BLOB data as a parameter to the stored procedure with BLOB datatype.

November 2022

431patches19275 Latest

The Oracle - Stored Procedure Snap now supports stored functions with OUT and INOUT parameters and displays these parameter values in the output along with the returnval key.

November 2022main18944 Stable

The Oracle Insert Snap now creates the target table only from the table metadata of the second input view when the following conditions are met:

  • The Create table if not present checkbox is selected.

  • The target table does not exist.

  • The table metadata is provided in the second input view.

September 2022430patches17894 Latest

The Oracle Select Snap now work as expected when the table name is dependent on an upstream input.

August 2022430patches17658 LatestThe Oracle - Stored Procedure Snap now takes lesser time to execute when calling a stored procedure, because the Snap queries the metadata as required, thereby optimizing the Snap's performance.
August 2022main17386 Stable
  • Enhanced the Oracle - Merge and Oracle - Update Snaps with the Session parameters fieldset that provides National Language Support (NLS).
  • Enhanced the Oracle - Stored Procedure Snap with a process that caches the fetched procedure metadata. Hence, the Snap processes the metadata calls only for the first few documents and does not process for subsequent documents, thereby improving the Snap's performance.
4.29 Patch429patches16603 Latest
  • Fixed an issue with Oracle Bulk Load Snap where the Snap encountered an error when trying to load data into Timestampwithtimezone datatype field.

  • Fixed an issue with Oracle Execute Snap where the Snap did not display a valid error message when the delete condition was invalid.

  • Fixed an issue with Oracle - Merge Snap where the Snap displayed an error when the Retry Interval and Number of Retries fields were expression enabled and the values were passed using the Pipeline parameters.

  • Fixed an issue with the Oracle Stored Procedure Snap where the Snap errored out due to an upgrade made to HikariCP that caused a conditional failure and prevented the downstream Snaps to supply the parameters to the stored procedure. 

  • Enhanced the Oracle - Merge and Oracle - Update Snaps with the Session Parameters fieldset that provides National Language Support (NLS).

4.29

main15993

 

Stable

Upgraded with the latest SnapLogic Platform release.

4.28main14627 Stable
  • Enhanced the Oracle - Update Snap to accept values in the Number of Retries and Retry Interval (seconds) fields from Pipeline parameters only. 

  • Enhanced the Oracle Bulk Load Snap with the Column Length Overrides field set to support CLOB (Character Large Object) and NCLOB (National Character Large Object) data types that may require a large buffer size, allowing users to load large amounts of data into a single column store of data type CLOB or NCLOB.

  • Updated the label for Delete Condition to Delete Condition (Truncates Table if empty) in the Snap Oracle Delete Snap
4.27main12833 Stable
  • Enhanced the Oracle - Execute Snap to invoke stored procedures.
  • Enhanced the Oracle Bulk Load Snap with Additional SQL Loader Parameters field set to define additional SQL Loader parameters if required.
4.26main11181 StableUpgraded with the latest SnapLogic Platform release.
4.25425patches11008 Latest
  • Improved the support for the CLOB data type in the Oracle - Insert Snap. 
  • Improved the error messages for all the Snaps in the Oracle Snap Pack where the Snaps fail with Null Pointer Exception when the account reference provided is invalid. 
4.25main9554
 
StableUpgraded with the latest SnapLogic Platform release.
4.24main8556
Stable
  • Enhances the Oracle - Select Snap to return only the selected output fields or columns in the output schema (second output view) using the Fetch Output Fields In Schema check box. If the Output Fields field is empty all the columns are visible. 
  • Enhances the Oracle - Stored Procedure Snap to ignore the parameters evaluated as null by using the Ignore Null Parameters check box. This applies to parameters with defined default values.
4.23main7430
 
StableUpgraded with the latest SnapLogic Platform release.
4.22main6403
 
StableUpgraded with the latest SnapLogic Platform release.
4.21 Patch421patches6272 Latest

Fixes the issue where Snowflake SCD2 Snap generates two output documents despite no changes to Cause-historization fields with DATE, TIME and TIMESTAMP Snowflake data types, and with Ignore unchanged rows field selected.

4.21 Patch421patches6144 Latest

Fixes the following issues with DB Snaps:

  • The connection thread waits indefinitely causing the subsequent connection requests to become unresponsive.
  • Connection leaks occur during Pipeline execution.
4.21 PatchMULTIPLE8841 LatestFixes the connection issue in Database Snaps by detecting and closing open connections after the Snap execution ends.
4.21snapsmrc542

 

Stable

Updated the Oracle Thin Account and Oracle Thin Dynamic Account, enabling them to connect via Oracle Active Data Guard (ADG).

4.20 Patch 

db/oracle8812Latest

Enhances the Oracle Snap Pack to support connections to the Oracle ADG (Active Data Guard) URL.

4.20 Patch 

db/oracle8803  Latest

Support for Oracle Database 19c.

4.20snapsmrc535
 
StableUpgraded with the latest SnapLogic Platform release.
4.19 Patch db/oracle8408 Latest

Fixes an issue with the Oracle - Update Snap wherein the Snap is unable to perform operations when:

  • An expression is used in the Update condition property.
  • Input data contain the character '?'.
4.19snaprsmrc528
 
StableUpgraded with the latest SnapLogic Platform release.
4.18 Patchoracle7786 Latest

Fixes an issue using the NVARCHAR2 datatype in Oracle databases when the character set is not AL32UTF8. However, a known issue is that special characters display as (question).

4.18snapsmrc523
 
StableUpgraded with the latest SnapLogic Platform release.
4.17 Patch db/oracle7459 Latest

Fixed an issue with the Oracle Stored Procedure Snap wherein the Pipeline execution fails with an error when the input data type is CLOB.

4.17ALL7402
 
Latest

Pushed automatic rebuild of the latest version of each Snap Pack to SnapLogic UAT and Elastic servers.

4.17snapsmrc515
 
Latest
  • Fixed an issue with the Oracle Execute Snap wherein the Snap would send the input document to the output view even if the Pass through field is not selected in the Snap configuration. With this fix, the Snap sends the input document to the output view, under the key original, only if you select the Pass through field.
  • Added the Snap Execution field to all Standard-mode Snaps. In some Snaps, this field replaces the existing Execute during preview check box.

4.16 Patch 

db/oracle6919 Latest

Added a new property, Session parameters, in the Oracle Insert Snap to enable the use of National Language Support (NLS) parameters.

4.16 Patch 

db/oracle6824 Latest

Fixed an issue with the Lookup Snap passing data simultaneously to output and error views when some values contained spaces at the end.

4.16snapsmrc508
 
StableUpgraded with the latest SnapLogic Platform release.
4.15 Patch db/oracle6534 Latest

Improved performance in Pipelines that contain child Pipelines.

4.15 Patch db/oracle6417 Latest

Fixed an issue with data types conversion. All fields with byte, short, int, or long data types will be converted to BigInteger after fetching.

4.15 Patch db/oracle6284 Latest

Replaced the existing Max idle time and Idle connection test period properties with Max life time and Idle Timeout properties respectively, in the Account configuration. The new properties fix the connection release issues that were occurring due to default/restricted DB Account settings.

4.15snapsmrc500
 
StableUpgraded with the latest SnapLogic Platform release.
4.14snapsmrc490
 
StableUpgraded with the latest SnapLogic Platform release.

4.13 Patch 

db/oracle5192 Latest
  • Fixed the Oracle Bulk Load Snap that stores special characters incorrectly in the target table.
  • Fixed the Oracle Bulk Load Snap that throws a NullPointerException error when the input letter case does not match with that of the Oracle table.
4.13

snapsmrc486

 
StableUpgraded with the latest SnapLogic Platform release.
4.12 Patchoracle4862 Latest

Fixed an issue in the Oracle Bulk Load Snap that fails to execute the SQLLDR (SQL Loader) command, while also enhancing the support for the TCPS protocol.

4.12 Patch db/oracle4721 Latest

Added a property, "SSL/TCPS" for Oracle Account.

4.12 PatchMULTIPLE4744 Latest

Enabled expression for Delete Condition in Oracle Delete Snap. 

4.12

snapsmrc480

 
StableUpgraded with the latest SnapLogic Platform release.

4.11 Patch 

db/oracle4369 Latest

Enhanced the Oracle Bulk Load Snap to accept date-type values in the format "yyyy-mm-dd".

4.11snapsmrc465
 
StableUpgraded with the latest SnapLogic Platform release.
4.10 Patchoracle3633 Latest

Fixed BULK LOAD so it adds the thread name to the name of the temporary directory. This allows multiple BULK LOAD Snaps within a single pipeline.

4.10

snapsmrc414

 
Stable

Added Auto commit property to the Select and Execute Snaps at the Snap level to support overriding of the Auto commit property at the Account level.

4.9.0 Patch

oracle3188 Latest

Fixed the issue that "NaN" check was done to unexpected data types like varchar.

4.9.0 Patch

oracle3096 Latest

Fixed a class casting issue for custom data types(BLOB, CLOB, NCLOB, etc) when custom Oracle JDBC driver is used.

4.9.0 Patch

oracle3071 Latest

Fixed an issue regarding connection not closed after login failure; Expose autocommit for "Select into" statement in PostgreSQL Execute Snap and Redshift Execute Snap.

4.9snapsmrc405
 
StableUpgraded with the latest SnapLogic Platform release.

4.8.0 Patch

oracle2905

 


Latest

Fix for SQL*Loader interpreting white-space only data as null values.

4.8.0 Patch

oracle2756

 Latest

Potential fix for JDBC deadlock issue.

4.8.0 Patch

oracle2711 Latest

Fixed Oracle Snap Pack rendering dates that are one hour off from the date returned by database query for non-UTC Snaplexes.

4.8

snapsmrc398

 
Stable

Database accounts now invalidate connection pools if account properties are modified and login attempts fail.

4.7.0 Patch

oracle2190 Latest

Fixed an issue with the Oracle Select Snap regarding Limit rows not supporting an empty string from a pipeline parameter.

4.7

snapsmrc382

 
Stable
  • Updated the Oracle - Stored Procedure Snap with the Pass through field. 
  • Resolved an issue in Oracle - Stored Procedure Snap that caused invalid column type failures.
  • Oracle - Bulk Load updated to handle dates the same way as Oracle - Insert. Acceptable format for timestamp strings:
    • Prior to 4.7, the only acceptable timestamp format was  "yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss.SSS", such as 2016-11-07 10:55:12

    • It now also supports:

      • ISO8601 formats (plus fractional seconds) without timezone.

             "yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm:ss.SSS", (ex: 2016-11-07T10:55:12)
             "yyyymmddThhmmss.SSS", (ex: 20161107T105512)

      • ISO8601 formats with time zone. ONLY 'zulu' and 'UTC' at this time. Note that there is no space before the 'Z' but is a space before the 'UTC'.

             "yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm:ss.SSSZ"
             "yyyymmddThhmmss.SSSZ"

             "yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm:ss.SSS UTC"
             "yyyymmddThhmmss.SSS UTC"

             ex: 2016-11-07T10:55:12Z
             ex: 20161107T105512Z

             ex: 2016-11-07T10:55:12 UTC
             ex: 20161107T105512 UTC

        The ISO8601 format is used by many web services, Oracle Bulk Loader, and others.

4.6snapsmrc362
 
Stable
  • Resolved an issue in Oracle Select Snap that caused failures in the second output view when retrieving outputs from a table with a dot (.) character.
  • Enhanced the Oracle Select Snap to fully support SQL statements with/without expressions & SQL bind variables.
  • Extended support for Oracle Thin Dynamic accounts.
4.5.1

oracle1583

 
Stable
  • Updated the Bulk Load Snap with a new field, Use direct path load, to enhance bulk loading performance.
  • Resolved an issue with Oracle Select Snap failing if the table name included a dot (.) character.
4.4.1NA Stable
  • Oracle Select: Resolved an issue with database access error occurring while iterating over table name result set when using an uploaded driver with a different version than the bundled driver.
  • Resolved an issue with Oracle Stored Procedure Snap not accepting CLOB data.
  • Made improvements to JDBC auto-commit consistency.
4.4NA Stable
  • Table List Snap: A new option, Compute table graph, now lets you determine whether or not to generate dependents data into the output.
  • Oracle Bulk Load
    • Resolved an issue with a pipeline never completing.
    • Resolved an issue with pipeline statistics, bulk load summary statistics not matching and bulk load summary was confusing.
    • Maximum error count field added to set the maximum number of rows which can fail before the bulk load operation is stopped.
    • Mixed-case matching option removed.
    • Added error messaging to handle BLOB type data trying to be loaded to an Oracle table when not supported.
    • Resolved an issue with the record separator of the input file not being processed correctly.
    • Improved error messages for when data types do not match.
  • Oracle Stored Procedure: All accessible objects are now visible during design.
4.3.2NA Stable
  • Resolved an issue with Oracle Select not reading table names: Database access error occurred while iterating over table name result set.
  • Resolved an issue with Oracle Bulk load failure: String index out of range: -1.
NANA Stable
  • Oracle Lookup failed in preview if DATE column was used for Lookup conditions
  • Dynamic DB queries now supported in the Execute Snap.
  • The SQL statement property now can be set as an expression property. When it is an expression, it will be evaluated with each input document and one SQL statement per each input document will be executed.
  • Known issue: When the SQL statement property is an expression, the pipeline parameters are shown in the suggest, but not the input schema.
  • With the SQL statement property set as an expression, the Snap can be exposed to SQL injection. Please use this feature with caution.
  • Oracle Insert: When a string value is entered into a date col, its successfully inserting into db with null
  • Oracle Stored Procedure: parameter type list was not populating even if a procedure had custom types defined.
NANA Stable
  • Oracle Execute error - no more documents will be written to SLFS
  • Oracle Execute Snap failing with maximum number of documents reached
  • Oracle Select Snap - Early dates are corrupted when reading data
  • Oracle select- with date data type does not return Time(hh:mm:ss)
  • Oracle Stored Procedure fails with error- Reason: invalid name pattern: TECTONIC.null
  • Oracle Stored Procedure - fails with - "invalid name pattern: TECTONIC.strarray32 " when type name given in lower case
NANA Stable
  • The version number of the default Oracle JDBC driver (shared/ojdbc-6.1.jar) is now 11.2.0.4.
  • Fixed the following defects:
    • Oracle Stored Procedure: suggest method for parameter index throws -Suggestion value cannot be empty for property: customTypeParameterIndex
    • Oracle Stored Procedure: Parameter index suggest throws "invalid path" when no schema nor procedure is selected

    • Oracle Stored Procedure: If there is no type defined in Schema, suggest throwing Suggestion value cannot be empty for property: customTypeParameterType

    • Oracle Stored Procedure: When custom type created in different schema, its not populating through Snap
    • Oracle Select- Order by property as parameter fails
    • Oracle Stored Procedure: Parameter type list- Can we make it in an order
    • Oracle Snaps- When in account given a username which dont have privileges to access other schema, upon suggest all schema 's are populating
    • Oracle Stored Procedure: NPE
    • Oracle Stored Procedure: invalid name pattern: TECTONIC.STR_ARRAY_32_$
    • Oracle Stored Procedure: Procedure name mismatch error - suggest from parameter type when no package selected
    • Oracle Stored Procedure: When in a schema if there are no types defined, showing null in type and index value
    • Oracle Merge: error: "SQL operation failed"
    • Oracle merge condition when expression is enabled, input schema in not getting populated
    • Oracle Merge with expression more than 2 columns not working.getting Invalid identifier
    • Oracle Merge: When expression enable- Fails with Failure: Could not evaluate expression:
    • Oracle Stored Procedure: Failure: Failed to execute callable statement. Cause: invalid name pattern: TECTONIC.null.